Other causes of otitis media can include infections in the nose and throat, trauma, foreign bodies, fungal infections, inflammatory polyps, cancer, etc. In addition, developmental abnormalities of the external ear canal and pharynx can lead to otitis media.

Otitis media does not affect any particular age or animal, and males and females are affected equally.

Dogs that have long, pendulous ears, such as beagles and basset hounds, are more likely to develop otitis externa, which can lead to otitis media.

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel breed is known to have a condition called primary secretory otitis media (PSOM). Dogs with PSOM typically have mild to moderate pain in the head/neck, neurologic signs (e.g. ataxia, facial paralysis, head tilt), and itchy ears, but without otitis externa. Owners of this breed will want to keep this disease in mind. 

Diagnosis

Diagnosis includes physical examination, ear examination with an otoscope, bacterial/fungal culture, radiography, and possibly advanced imaging.

Physical Examination

During the physical examination, your veterinarian will be looking for some of these signs: head shaking, pawing at the ear, pain when opening the mouth, signs of otitis externa (ear odor, redness, etc.), head tilt, facial nerve signs, Horner syndrome, ataxia, etc. Not every affected pet will exhibit all of these signs. In addition, cats are more likely to have neurologic signs than dogs are.  

Ear Examination (Otoscopy)

In order to do a complete examination of the ear, a deep ear cleaning may be necessary. To keep your pet comfortable, your veterinarian may decide to sedate or anesthetize your pet for the procedure. Then the infection can be more easily seen with an otoscope, which can see the eardrum.

Culture and Sensitivity

Your veterinarian will usually take samples of the material in the ear and culture those samples to determine what medications will work best.

Radiographs

Your veterinarian may take radiographs, also called X-rays. Radiographs can help show changes (thickening, destruction) to the bony structures of the ear. However, even if the radiographs appear normal, that does not mean that your pet does not have otitis media.

Advanced Imaging

In some cases, your veterinarian may suggest using computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to further evaluate the tympanic bulla. CT is usually better than MRI at detecting bony changes, while MRI is better at detecting soft tissue abnormalities.

Treatment

Cleaning both the external and middle ear canals is an important step in treating otitis media. Debris can inactivate some topical medications and prevent medications from contacting infected tissues. Anesthesia will be necessary in order to do the deep ear cleaning and ear flushing that will remove the debris.

Your veterinarian may need to infuse (fill) the ear with medication in order to deliver a high concentration of antimicrobial products or corticosteroids directly to the affected area.

Topical medications may need to be used to control an otitis externa.

Systemic therapy with antibiotics, antifungals, and corticosteroids may also be used, depending on the infection.

If severe, irreversible changes to the external ear canal are found, if there are masses in the inner ear, or if medical therapy has failed to resolve the otitis media, your veterinarian may advise surgery, such as an ear canal ablation. This surgery is not undertaken lightly, but it may be necessary to control the infection. An ear canal ablation involves removing the vertical and horizontal portions of the ear canal, along with the bones of the middle ear and eardrum.

Monitoring (Rechecks)

During treatment, your veterinarian will usually want to recheck your pet’s external ear canal and tympanic membrane every 10-14 days. (A ruptured tympanic membrane will generally begin to heal within 21-35 days.) Topical medications will be given until the external ear canal and the tympanic membrane are normal, and until cytology of the ear canal reveals no infection. Systemic therapy is typically given for at least 4-6 weeks.

Prognosis

In general, the prognosis for dogs is good if appropriate therapy is started in time. The prognosis is not as good if the infection is resistant to the medications; if the concurrent otitis externa is not managed adequately; if there is significant bone infection; or if there is no response to surgery. In addition, some neurologic signs (e.g., facial nerve problems, Horner syndrome) may be permanent.

Reminder

Keeping your pet’s ears clean is critical to preventing ear infections of any kind. However, It is not always possible to prevent every infection in some pets. 

Cushing’s disease, also called Cushing’s syndrome or hyperadrenocorticism, results from an overproduction of the hormone cortisol. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, located next to the kidneys, and adrenal glands are stimulated to produce cortisol by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. There are two types of Cushing’s disease. In adrenal-dependent Cushing’s disease, an adrenal gland overproduces cortisol because of an adrenal tumor. In pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease, the adrenal glands overproduce cortisol because they are overstimulated by a pituitary tumor.

• Complete blood count (CBC), chemistry panel and urinalysis: These blood and urine tests evaluate the general health of your pet and can help your veterinarian determine if other health problems should be suspected.
  
• Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test: This test involves a blood sample, an injection of a hormone (ACTH), an hour of waiting, and then another blood sample. This test is used to diagnose Cushing’s disease in a pet.
  
• Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: This test takes longer to perform than the ACTH stimulation test and takes place over 8 hours. It involves a blood sample, an injection of a steroid, a few hours of waiting, another blood sample at 3 hours, more waiting, and then another blood sample at 8 hours. This test is used to diagnose Cushing’s disease. Sometimes this test can also determine where the problem is in the pet’s body (i.e., pituitary or adrenal).
  
• High-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST): This test is similar to the LDDST except that it uses a higher dose of dexamethasone. It is used to determine where the problem is in the pet’s body (i.e. pituitary or adrenal).
  
• Endogenous adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) assay, or ACTH level: This test involves a single blood sample. It is used to determine where the problem is in the pet’s body (i.e. pituitary or adrenal).
  
• Radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, or CT scan: Radiographs can help us see changes in other organs that could indicate Cushing’s. An abdominal ultrasound can help us see the adrenal glands. Sometimes, a CT scan can be performed to help us evaluate the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.

Treatment

Treatment consists of medication to control the cortisol overproduction by the adrenal gland or surgery to remove the abnormal adrenal gland. Choosing the best treatment for a pet with Cushing’s disease depends upon where the problem is in your pet’s body (i.e. pituitary or adrenal gland).