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Author: Ali Hamza
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pet arthritis causes
June 10, 2026
Ali HamzaBlogAll

10 Common Pet Arthritis Causes & How to Help Your Stiff Pet

When your beloved furry friend begins to start slowing down as they get older, it can be very sad. As in human beings, it’s not a strange occurrence that animals experience stiff joints now and again. However, if the frequent jittery periods of stiffness become commonplace, or your pet’s lively fun suddenly turns to a refusal to jump up or go up stairs, your concerns are stirred. After all, you will eventually find yourself seeking professional guidance on pet arthritis to find out what is causing the ailment of your pet.
While the dog and cat’s body is quite resilient, the joints have to deal with years of wear and tear, and chronic inflammation is a very common ailment. You should seek the cause of your pet’s joint stiffness and ensure that your pet is in good health and comfortable. Often, chronic slowing down is just part of a larger problem and should be considered as a marker of a deeper problem in the skeletal system or daily management.
This detailed and comprehensive article will dissect the biological and environmental factors that contribute to joint degeneration, as well as medical conditions that could explain why pets struggle to move, and help you determine whether it’s something that will pass or if there’s a medical condition that you should consult your vet about.

Let's first examine the Biology of Pet Arthritis, a degenerative joint disease, and then read through the list of chronic diseases.

Osteoarthritis slowly wears away the protective cartilage that pads the ends of the bones in a joint. Protected smooth cartilage matrix senses a constant friction or repeated mechanical stress, the protective tissue deteriorates completely.
This results in the underlying bones rubbing together directly, producing tremendous friction. The joint inflames a great deal and the body tries to make the area more stable with the development of abnormal bony projections known as osteophytes (bone spurs).
When you start looking into pet arthritis, you’ll be facing anything that triggers this painful inflammatory cycle.

Main groups of pet arthritis causes and Indicators:

When your dog or cat starts to show signs of trouble with mobility, there are three main groups of pet arthritis causes and indicators: developmental skeletal conditions, lifestyle hazards, and natural biological changes. There are 10 common pet arthritis causes.

1. Hip and Elbow Dysplasia

The most prevalent cause of early pet arthritis is, without doubt, skeletal malformations, which are known as Hip and Elbow DysplasiaS. Diseases like hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia are when a joint doesn’t develop square, which leads to the ball and socket grinding against each other. A pet that is born with such genetic structural defects will have abnormal friction within the joint capsule throughout their lives. When cartilage is gone, your pet will suddenly show signs of pain, lameness and stiffness from joint instability, rapid wear or growth spurts.

2. Excess Body Weight and Obesity

Excess body weight is another big time cause of severe pet arthritis. It is a very aggressive lifestyle factor that can have a detrimental effect on dogs’ and cats’ long-term joint health. Extra pounds on your pet’s body due to a high fat diet and/or inadequate activity put a tremendous strain on the joints that were never meant to carry such a heavy burden. This pairing leads to a significantly accelerated degradation of cartilage, and pets will not want to play or exercise due to the discomfort.

3. Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) Tears

Dogs often tear the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) which is similar to a human tearing an ACL. This injury to the structure is a huge contributor to pet arthritis since the whole knee joint is now totally unstable. If the tibia slides irregularly up and down under the femur, the meniscus cartilage which protects the femur can easily break down. If the structural instability is not corrected in a timely fashion, your dog is at a high risk of suffering from severe and rapid joint deterioration in that leg.

4. Natural Aging and Cellular Wear

When it comes to joint health, there is a common denominator: Natural Aging and Cellular WearTime. With aging, dogs and cats just naturally produce less of the cartilage matrix’s necessary building blocks, called glycosaminoglycans. The absence of natural lubrication leads to dry lining of the joint and means that it will immediately rub together or become stiff the first time your pet moves after a long nap or when it wakes early on a cold morning.

5. High Impact Jumping Injuries

Chronic micro-trauma can occur with high impact jumping injuries when your pet has been jumping for many years or off high furniture and starts to show signs of joint pain. Frequent jumping from heights to hard surfaces can create micro fractures in the bone and small tears in the cartilage. High impact household habits are one of the easier to change causes of your cat or dog slowing down because of repeated damage to the joints that it causes.

6. Slipping Kneecaps (Patellar Luxation)

Slipping Kneecaps (patellar luxation)Skeletally, the patella (kneecap) should be positioned in a deep groove at the front of the knee and glide smoothly. In some small dog breeds and some cats, however, the kneecap often completely pops out of the groove. These mechanical dislocations are important factors that alter the alignment of the leg and are important causes of progressive pet arthritis. The sliding movement needs to be properly managed and should be monitored carefully by a vet.

7. Historical Fractures and Joint Trauma

Physical injuries can have a lasting effect if they were suffered in the past, as Historical Fractures and Joint TraumaPets are naturally adventurous. Fractures of small bone fragments that occurred years ago and/or severe bouts of spraining and straining a joint often heal with subtle structural realignment changes. This results in an unbalanced transfer of weight over the smooth surface of cartilage. If the strain is not evenly distributed, the pet will have a gradual, ongoing recurrence of stiffness in the same leg that had been hurt.

8. Tick-Borne Diseases (Lyme Disease)

Another type of systemic infection that could affect a pet’s joint health is tick-borne diseases (Lyme Disease). A deer tick that is infected with Lyme disease infects the dog or cat by transferring the bacteria into the joint capsules. This can be a deep bacterial infection that breaks into the local tissues, and may lead to acute and severe joint swelling. A common overlooked cause of sudden, episodic changes in lameness in active dogs is tick-borne polyarthritis, which can resemble typical skeletal inflammation.

9. Poor Feline Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia)

If older cats have mobility problems that do not respond to treatment, they may have embedded Poor Feline Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia). Some thinning of lean body tissue can occur along the rear quarters, a normal aging process or due to metabolic changes. One of the more serious indirect causes of feline joint pain is a decrease in muscle mass, which can cause the underlying joints to bear the brunt of the shock and impact of the daily walk.

10. Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis (IMPA)

Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis (IMPA)Systemic autoimmune conditions are uncommon but devastating conditions in which the immune system attacks tissues within the body. These diseases do not begin with wear and tear, but with your pet being completely susceptible to extensive and extreme joint damage. One of the many biological reasons why pets develop arthritis can be an overactive immune system, causing normal healthy joint linings to become the source of chronic destructive pain.

Here are a few tips on helping your dog with stiffness.

There are a number of easy home care techniques you can implement while you are working with your vet to determine the exact cause of the joint issues, to keep your pet more comfortable while waiting for your veterinarian’s advice:

Provide orthopedic bedding

 Invest in a thick, high-density memory foam orthopedic bed for your pet. The soft and supportive foam distributes the weight evenly throughout their body, minimizing painful pressure points on the stiff elbows and hips.

Use non-slip flooring:

Hardwood or tile floors can be slippery, so use non-slip rubber mats or carpet runners to prevent your pets from slipping and hyperextending their joints

Use pet ramps and steps

Do not make your pet jump off high furniture or off a high vehicle door step; use specially made pet ramps in the areas where your pet sleeps or spends most of his or her time.

Gently warm the stiffest joints:

 Place a warm, safe heating pad, wrapped in a towel, against the affected area and massage for 10-15 minutes to promote blood flow and relax tight muscles, but avoid over-warming or irritating the skin.

Conclusion

It is important to carefully assess your pet’s lifestyle, home environment and physical symptoms to identify the actual pet arthritis causes. While it may be a little bit of stiffness here and there after a long day of running, if they’re having difficulty standing over and over it should not be ignored. By listening to those signs your pet is giving, your veterinarian will have all the information he needs to get your pet moving more comfortably and help pinpoint your pet’s joint discomfort.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

A1: If a pet begins to slow down but is obviously not vocalizing with pain, then there is likely no problem.

A: A pet may appear to be moving slowly with good appetite, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that they are not in a lot of pain. Chronic arthritis in animals is ingrained in them by evolution to hide it, so subtle changes in behaviour, such as animals not wanting to go up and down stairs or overall loss of energy, are a common indicator of chronic arthritis.

Q2: Do indoor cats get joint diseases like osteoarthritis?

A: Yes, cats can indeed suffer from degenerative joint diseases, even those kept indoors. Research indicates that a high percentage of older dogs have arthritis but the condition does not manifest itself in high jumps, and is easy to overlook for any cat owner who keeps her cats indoors.

Q3: What are some medical emergencies that may occur and something that should be noted if a pet is having trouble getting around?

A: If you notice a sudden complete loss of use in the rear legs, your dog doesn’t eat for over 24 hours, or if your dog is very lethargic, weeps when handled and pants heavily while resting, then a mobility problem should be given a medical priority.

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Essential, Degu Care, The Complete Owners Manual
June 5, 2026
Ali HamzaBlogAll

Essential Degu Care: The Complete Owners Manual

Chilean degu (Octodon degus) is a highly intelligent, diurnal, unique rodent that has become popular as a companion animal, originally native to the open matorral plains of central Chile. But good degu husbandry requires a special appreciation of their particular dietary, environmental, social and veterinary requirements.

At Grove Veterinary Hospital we know that smaller, exotic mammals deserve the same special medical and husbandic care as dogs and cats. With proper degu care, your pocket pet will have a long, enriching and healthy life. This complete reference book explains the essential elements of degu care, including creating the ideal environment and how to identify early signs of dental and metabolic diseases.

1. Understand the behavior and social dynamics of the degu.

An owner will first need to learn about the degu in the wild to have a very good base-line to care for the animal. Degus are diurnal animals, more so than many other small rodents are nocturnal. They are active during the day, and as such are very interactive and fun to have in the family. They have a complicated repertoire of up to fifteen different sounds, each with its own meaning for passing on their moods and intentions to their fellow animals and human caregivers; they use different squeaks, warbles and chitters for different purposes, depending on their mood and intent.

Understanding their strong social nature is a fundamental part of their degu care. Degus live in large communal burrows, with many excavating these themselves in their native habitat, where they forage as a group to reduce the threat of predation. They are very social animals and will not be kept in isolation. Isolation of a single degu can result in significant psychological stress, depression and behavioral abnormalities, such as bar chewing, stereotypic chewing and self mutilation.

The responsible degu care will require housing the animals in groups of two or more, which are not of opposite sexes and are compatible. Research demonstrates that female degus have an extremely high social motivation, being able to interact comfortably with familiar cagemates and other unfamiliar degus, contributing to their communal group structure. The most important factor to consider when planning degu care is having a bonded companion.

2. Dietary Management: Absolute Rule of No Sugar

There is one thing in degu care that is very important and must be kept in mind; their diet restrictions. Degus have become adapted to eat very low nutrient (high fiber) diets of grasses, leaves, seeds and roots. Their central Chilean habitat is devoid of sugars and, as a result of evolutionary pressure, the degu has an extremely divergent insulin structure and a very sensitive carbohydrate metabolism.

Thus, poor degu husbandry with the addition of sugary food items will lead to onset of diabetes mellitus, secondary cataracts and early death quickly. To avoid this, your daily degu care nutritional protocol should be:

  • Fresh Timothy hay or meadow hayis the base of degu care with unlimited access to high-quality grass hay. Hay is a good source of crude fibre for their hind-gut fermentation and is also useful for important dental wear.
  • Degu-Specific Pellets:Feed measured daily ration of commercial degu pellets or sugar free guinea pig blocks. Be sure to read the ingredient list to make sure there is no molasses, syrup or stealth sugar added.
  • Safe Treats:Leafy greens, small pieces of butternut squash and sweet potato. Neither fruits, raisins, honey sticks nor commercial hamster/gerbil mixes are suitable as a food source due to their high content of simple sugars.
  • Clean, chew proof glass water bottle– must be available at all times.

Interestingly, though, they are very similar to guinea pigs, however they are able to make their own Vitamin C for normal degu care, so they don’t need the specific vitamin in their diet.

  1. Housing and Environmental Enrichment.

Another important aspect of good degu husbandry is the provision of a safe, spacious habitat. They are extremely chewy and can climb the walls very easily; plastic cages or cages with shallow plastic bases are not suitable, as they will easily be chewed through by a determined degu in a few hours.

The ideal degu housing is a large wire or metal cage that has a solid metal base for the cage to avoid pododermatitis (bumblefoot), which can be a problem with the cage’s metal floors.

The ideal degu house is a large cage made of wire or metal, with a solid metal base for the cage to prevent their sensitive feet from getting pododermatitis (bumblefoot) which can be a problem with the metal base of a cage.

These are the structural features that should be included in your degu care enclosure checklist:

  • Space and Exercise

Degus need safe vertical and horizontal space for running, jumping and climbing. Enclosure should be equipped with solid metal shelves, heavy wooden platforms and secure ramps. They have high exercise needs and must have a large, solid metal running wheel (min. 30cm diameter) not a wire mesh as this can catch and break delicate toes or tails.

  • Bedding and Nesting Material

Good substrate choices for degu housing include dust-free wood shavings, recycled paper-based pellets and lots of hay. A deep layer of substrate and shredded unbleached paper or cardboard boxes of nesting material should be provided because degu’s will love to dig and move their nests.

  • Chinchilla Dust Baths

Just like chinchillas, degus also control the oils in their fur by bathing in fine sand. One of the most important tasks in degu care is to make sure that they have a heavy ceramic dish filled with commercial chinchilla dust, several times per week, for 10-15 minutes. It is not suggested to leave the dust bath in the cage permanently as it will get soiled with urine and feces.

4. Handling and Avoiding "Tail Slip"

You can also cause ‘tail slip’ by the way you handle, which must be avoided.

Handling is an essential skill in degu husbandry. Handle them gently from an early age and they can become highly affectionate and enjoy being handled by their human caretakers. There is one very important rule with degu care that must be followed: Do not pick up a degu by the tail.

Degus have an anti-predator defense mechanism called “tail slip” in which the skin and soft tissue of the tail will easily slip off of the underlying bone if seized or pulled. An agonizingly painful injury that is virtually always treated by removing the exposed tail bone with a general anesthetic at a veterinary clinic such as Grove Veterinary Hospital.

When handling degues, it is important to practice safe handling by corraling them and picking them up gently in two cupped hands under the main body of the animal so that it will sit safely on your palms.

  1. Veterinary Care and Common Health Problems

Information on veterinary care and common health problems.

Extensive degu care includes regular well visits and monitoring the pet’s physical condition. The average lifespan for degus is 5-8 years and as they grow older they may become prone to a variety of different medical problems.

We see the following conditions in degu patients that are very common at Grove Veterinary Hospital:

Favored areas of the plant and leaf tips die back.

Dying back of favored areas of the plant and leaf tips.

Condition

Symptoms

Prevention / Treatment

Dental Disease

Long incisors, salivation, loss of weight, selectivity, tears.

Feeds continuously growing teeth with unlimited forage of abrasive grass hay.

Diabetes Mellitus

Excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), rapid cataract formation.

Follow a strict sugar-free diet and remove fruits, molasses and honey treats.

Pododermatitis

Reddened, swollen or ulcerated footpads; unwillingness to walk or climb.

Steer clear of wire-mesh floor materials and opt for solid metal trays with deep soft and absorbent bedding.

Tail Slip

Exposed bone on tail, after mishandling.

Ensure all people looking after the horse use the two handed scoop technique and don’t grab the tail.

As prey species, degus tend to conceal symptoms of illness or weakness until they’ve grown to extreme levels. If you observe any eating or stool changes, increased or decreased energy or cloudiness in the eyes, please reach out to Grove Veterinary Hospital at once so we can help our veterinary team intervene.

Conclusion

Learning to care for degu can be a rewarding experience and a great pleasure to have one in your home, these rodents are very active, social, and intelligent. To guarantee that your pet enjoys a full and healthy life, you must ensure that it has the right kind of same-sex companions, an adequate and enriched wire environment and that you treat it appropriately.

Keep in mind, that you’re not alone when you’re a pet owner. Grove Veterinary Hospital is always available to take care of your exotic friends, no matter what their medical issues are, with expert and compassionate care available for routine wellness exams, dietary consultations, and emergency medical issues.

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Addioson’s Disease, (Hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs:
June 2, 2026
Ali HamzaBlogAll

Addioson’s Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs:

Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs - The Parents Guide

No pet owner wants to have an experience like this: one day your dog is normal, the next it’s shivering, weak, and lethargic. You hurried them to the clinic and the preliminary tests weren’t conclusive. After a couple of days they recover and a few weeks later, a strange illness takes hold again. The sad cycle of Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs is very common.
Often times, veterinarians refer to this disease as “The Great Imitator” because it closely resembles 12 different diseases in dogs, ranging from common stomach viruses to serious kidney disease. Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs can be a moving target to diagnose as it can mimic other conditions. When the mystery is solved, however, it evolves from a frightening, concealed threat to a completely manageable condition. Let’s shed some light on this endocrine disorder: the way it affects your dog’s body, how you can tell if your dog is entering an emergency crisis and what it takes to give an Addisonian puppy a long, happy life.

Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs: What is it?

Understanding the issues that arise when a pet develops Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs means examining two small but powerful organs, the adrenal glands. These glands are located directly next to the kidneys and they release hormones that maintain the body’s normal functioning during stressful periods.

The adrenal cortex secretes two important hormones:

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol):

The natural stress hormone in the body. It assists to control blood sugar, digest protein and fat and enables the body to deal with physical or emotional strain.

Mineralocorticoids:

A hormone which regulates internal thermostat for fluids and electrolytes. It regulates sodium and potassium, which are essential for blood volume, blood pressure and heart function.
Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs is the result of the immune system attacking and destroying the outer layer of these glands. The structural damage results in a tremendous and harmful weakness in cortisol and aldosterone production. All of these hormones are essential to the ability of a dog to cope with stress and to keep their internal electrolytes in balance or balance, or they will be completely ill.

The Triggers and Breeds at Risk

Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs is an immune-mediated disorder in 99% of cases, in which the dog’s own immune system attacks its adrenal gland(s). It is still somewhat of a mystery why, but there is a clear trend for some breeds.
Any dog can get this disease, but it is found more often in Standard Poodles, West Highland White Terriers, Great Danes, Bearded Collies, Portuguese Water Dogs and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers. It is far more common in young to middle aged females, but can affect males and senior dogs.

The Great Imitator" is a type of spotting.

Dogs with Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) have characteristic symptoms that come and go. If a dog experiences a stressful event such as a thunderstorm, boarding, a veterinary visit, etc. and then appears “better” on their own afterward, they are likely ill because of the stress.

Watch for the following changing indicators:

Intermittent, chronic lethargy:

Your dog is noticeably tired, sluggish and/or depressed for no apparent reason.

Bad Appetite:

Progressive pickiness with food and/or loss of appetite

Gastrointestinal Distress: Persistent vomiting and diarrhea, frequently attributed to “dietary upset” and irritable bowel syndrome.
 Severe shaking and trembling: In severe shaking or trembling the dog shows general muscle weakness and shivering as if it was being attacked by the cold or frightened.
High sodium and urination: The body is unable to maintain proper sodium and potassium balance, thus, the kidneys are unable to retain water.
A painful or stiff gait: Hind limb weakness or complete refusal to go onto furniture.

The Ultimate Danger: The Addisonian Crisis

If the hormone deficiency is untreated, it will eventually lead to an Addisonian Crisis. It is a dangerous and chilling total collapse. The dog’s blood pressure becomes dangerously low, potassium rises to a toxic level slowing the dog’s heart rate and hypovolemic shock occurs. Addisonian crisis is a true medical emergency, in which immediate and aggressive veterinary care is required to prevent cardiac arrest.

This is a guide to the Diagnostic Maze.

Dogs with Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) require several special laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis, due to the fact that symptoms can be confused with many other conditions.

Routine blood tests and electrolyte levels.

Typically, the first indicator is a routine blood chemistry profile. The sodium/potassium ratio will be carefully considered by vets. In Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) of dogs, potassium levels will be dangerously elevated, and sodium and chloride levels will be dangerously low. You might also have higher levels of kidney markers (BUN and creatinine), which is caused by low blood pressure.

This test is called the ACTH Stimulation Test.

The veterinarian may also perform an Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulation test if blood tests are abnormal and are suggestive of a problem. Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) is the only definitive diagnosis made in dogs.
A baseline blood sample will be taken to see the level of cortisol when the animal is at rest, then an hour later, the second blood sample will be taken after the vet administers a synthetic form of the hormone, which stimulates the adrenal glands to generate cortisol. In a healthy dog, cortisol level will rise dramatically. For dogs with the Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism), the low adrenal glands will not respond, thus confirming the diagnosis.
The treatment involves stabilizing and controlling the condition. Treatment of Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs can be broken down into two stages: emergency stabilization and life long maintenance therapy.

Emergency Crisis Management

When a dog is rushed to the hospital with an active Addisonian crisis, the first priority is to save the dog’s life. The team of vets will insert an intravenous line to provide intense fluid replacement, increasing blood volume, blood pressure and flushing toxic build-up of potassium. Your vet will also give you some quick-release intravenous (IV) steroids to replace the missing hormone at the time.

Lifelong Maintenance Therapy

The long-term management of Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs starts when a dog is stable and eating. The adrenal glands cannot “recover” so, for life, the dog must be given the missing hormones. This is usually accomplished with two drugs:

DOCP (Percorten-V or Zycortal) Injections

 Long acting injection of a mineralocorticoid drug, administered every 25-30 days to keep sodium and potassium in balance.
 Daily Oral Corticosteroids (Prednisone): A tiny daily dose of oral prednisone to replace the missing glucocorticoids (cortisol).
 Stress Protocol: Owners should temporarily give a higher dose of oral prednisone during predictable periods of stress, like during surgery, holidays, fireworks, or when moving into a new home. The dog’s body doesn’t make additional cortisol to deal with stress, so it is necessary to give them that “stress buffer” by hand.

Conclusion

When your beloved is diagnosed with an endocrine disorder that is chronic and life threatening, it’s very alarming. But the prognosis is extremely optimistic for dogs with Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism). After the proper dosages of the correct medications are determined, these dogs live a completely normal, very active and long life. They are able to run, play, hike, and cuddle like any healthy pup. Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) can easily be managed in dogs by learning to know the symptoms of a hormonal crisis and working closely with your veterinarian to monitor your dog on a regular basis.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: No, Addison's disease doesn't hurt dogs.

A: When a flare-up or crisis occurs, dogs are very uncomfortable because of the intense nausea, cramping, weakness of muscles and low blood pressure. Once stabilized and taking the daily maintenance medication, however, they are pain free and feel completely well.

Q: In dogs, is it possible to live a normal life with Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism)?

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A: Absolutely. Dogs with this condition usually have a normal, full canine lifespan with consistent administration of medication and routine veterinary monitoring and checks for electrolyte levels.

Q: The cost of treating Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism) in dogs vary depending on the severity of the condition.

A: The first diagnosis for a crisis may be expensive and may result in crisis hospitalization. Long-term expenses are largely based on dog size since the hormone injections (DOCP) are based on weight and are administered on a monthly basis. Smaller breeds will require lower and less costly doses, whereas very large breeds will be more expensive.

Q: If I forget to give my dog the medication, what do I do?

A: If you miss one dose, your dog may fall into a sudden hormone deficiency, and be susceptible to illness or a life-threatening Addisonian crisis. If a dose is missed by accident, please call your vet right away for instructions on how to safely catch up.

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