It is extremely important to seek your veterinarian’s help as quickly as possible if you suspect a wound has become infected. If left untreated, cellulitis can quickly become very serious, sometimes resulting in the tissues becoming necrotic (tissue death), and can be fatal to your pet in severe cases.

Symptoms

Cellulitis can occur on any part of your dog’s or cat’s body where there is a break in the skin, allowing bacteria to enter. For this reason, cellulitis is often the secondary health issue, the first being the wound that breaks the skin. A wound does not always need to be large for bacteria to enter and may go unnoticed until the symptoms of cellulitis appear.

In the affected area, your pet may have:

• sensitivity and pain;
• skin that feels hot to the touch, redness;
• an abscess;
• accumulated pus or green discharge;
• swelling;
• obsessive licking of the area.

The infection may cause your pet to have a fever, refuse to eat, act lethargic, or appear depressed. You may notice an unpleasant odor if there is an abscess or discharge. Often, this odor is the first clue that something is going on with your pet if you are unaware that they have been injured.

Treatment

Your veterinarian will take your pet’s history and examine them for wounds or abscesses. Blood tests and cultures may be needed to determine the type of bacteria in your pet’s body and their overall health.

If an abscess is found and hasn’t already burst, it will be opened, drained, and cleaned, usually under anesthesia or sedation. A piece of sterile tubing, cloth, or other material is often placed into the abscess to allow continued drainage. Stitches may be used to keep this drain in place, and drains are often covered with a bandage.

A lab test may be performed on the fluid from the abscess to identify further the culprit or culprits causing the infection. This is important to ensure that the correct antibiotics are prescribed. Culture results can take several days to return, and a change in antibiotics may be needed. Your pet may have other issues stemming from the original injury, which will be treated as needed.

Your veterinarian will send you home with antibiotics to tackle the infection, possibly anti-inflammatories, and pain medication as needed. Based on culture results, antibiotic therapy can be tailored to your pet’s specific needs, and multiple antibiotics are sometimes needed. Additionally, topical antibiotic ointments are available. You will likely be given a list of aftercare instructions, which may suggest the continued use of warm compresses on the abscess site to encourage drainage. Use a protective e-collar if your pet won’t leave the treated area alone. These cones are available at your veterinary clinic or a pet or feed store.

Be sure to finish the prescription medications as directed.

Sometimes, the drain is not enough, and the abscess fills up again despite your best efforts. Contact your veterinarian if this happens.

Should You Be Concerned About Catching This from Your Pet?

Always wash your hands well before and after treating your pet, and wear gloves if possible. If your immune system is compromised, let your veterinarian know, and pay special attention to hygiene when dealing with your pet’s wound.

Prognosis

Your veterinarian is your best source for information and treatment and for receiving a positive outcome when dealing with cellulitis.   

In minor cases and with proper and timely care, your pet should recover without problems.

The iris, which is the colored part of the eye, surrounds the pupil and regulates how much light passes through it. Behind the iris and pupil is the lens, a transparent structure that also focuses light onto the retina. The retina converts the light into nerve impulses, which travel to the brain through the optic nerve. The brain interprets these impulses into an image. Abnormalities in these and other structures of the eye may lead to blindness.

Some of the more common causes of blindness in dogs and cats include the following.

• Uveitis: Uveitis is a painful condition in which the uvea becomes inflamed. The uvea is a blood vessel-rich tissue consisting of the iris, the ciliary body (which produces fluid inside the eye) and the choroid (which nourishes the retina). Causes of uveitis include infections such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and tick-borne ehrlichiosis, tumors, immune-mediated conditions, eye trauma, toxins and eye irritants.
• Cataracts: A cataract is a cloudiness in the lens. The lens is supposed to be transparent to allow light to pass through, but cataracts impair this function. Cataracts may affect only a small part of the lens initially, but progress to affect more of the lens over time. The most common cause of cataracts in cats is uveitis, while genetics and diabetes are the two most common causes in dogs. Other causes include eye trauma, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, radiation, electric shock and age-related degeneration.
  
• Glaucoma: Glaucoma is increased pressure in the eye. In a healthy eye, the volume of fluid that goes in and out of the eye is balanced to maintain a normal eye pressure. In glaucoma, a problem draining that fluid causes the eye pressure to rise, a condition that can quickly and painfully cause loss of sight. Primary glaucoma results from genetics while secondary glaucoma results from conditions such as uveitis, eye tumors and anterior lens luxation (see section on lens luxation). 
• Retinal detachment: The retina is a 10-layered structure that converts light signals into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation into an image. When specific layers of the retina separate or detach from one another, the retina can no longer carry out this function properly, resulting in impaired vision. Causes of retinal detachment include genetics, trauma, tumors, infections, immune-mediated conditions, uveitis, eye surgery and high blood pressure. 

• Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA): PRA is an inherited disease that occurs in dogs and more rarely in cats. In pets with PRA, the retina degenerates over time, leading to blindness. In most cases, the pet is initially blind only in low-light conditions, but will eventually become blind in all conditions. Cataracts may also accompany PRA in some dogs.
  
• Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS): This syndrome is a disease in dogs in which the retina rapidly and irreversibly deteriorates, leading to blindness within days to months. The cause of SARDS is unknown.
  
• Optic neuritis: Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, which carries impulses from the eye to the brain to be interpreted as images. Dogs and cats affected by this condition generally end up with partial or complete blindness. Causes of optic neuritis include such infections as distemper in dogs and cryptococcosis, a systemic fungal infection, in cats. Inflammation, immune-mediated conditions, toxins such as rodenticides, eye trauma and tumors are other potential causes.
  
• Lens luxation: The lens is normally held in position by fine ligaments. If these ligaments fail, then the lens shifts – or luxates – from its normal position. A forward shift can block circulation of the eye’s fluid and quickly lead to painful glaucoma. A backward shift is not as immediately harmful, but secondary glaucoma and retinal detachment can occur. Terrier breeds are predisposed to primary, inherited luxations. Lens luxation may also occur due to cataracts, glaucoma, trauma, tumors, and uveitis.
  
• Corneal diseases such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, pigmentary keratitis, and pannus will completely scar the cornea if untreated.

If you notice any signs of blindness or changes in your pet’s eyes, take your pet to the veterinarian. Oftentimes, older dogs and cats develop an age-related cloudiness in their eyes that is usually harmless to vision. However, it can look similar to a cataract, so it is still worth getting checked by a veterinarian to make certain it’s harmless.

What is Cannabidiol?

Cannabidiol, or CBD, is another commonly recognized cannabinoid produced by Cannabis sativa. However, unlike THC, CBD is not psychoactive. The United States Congress recently passed a law allowing industrial hemp to be grown. Hemp is a strain of Cannabis sativa that still has CBD but has very little THC. Cannabidiol derived from hemp is not a controlled substance.

Cannabis is a Schedule I substance in the US, which means it has a high chance of abuse (due to the THC, which is the psychoactive substance in marijuana) and has no currently accepted medical use. Nevertheless, research is showing that THC may help many diseases.

Some synthetic versions of THC for humans are approved as drugs and are federally legal, but none are currently approved for pets. However, CBD is approved in humans as a drug, so your veterinarian may be able to prescribe it if considered necessary for treating your pet.

How Cannabinoids Work

One of the many systems working to keep the body healthy is the endocannabinoid system in the brain. This system is made of naturally produced chemical compounds produced by neurons (cells that make up nerves) that are then sent on to direct many other cells.

The endocannabinoid system includes receptors located on different body cells, especially the nervous system. Phytocannabinoids may work at receptors like endocannabinoids.

Scientists are increasingly finding more diseases can be treated by targeting the endocannabinoid system.

The endocannabinoid system includes receptors located on different body cells, especially the nervous system. Phytocannabinoids may work at receptors like endocannabinoids. A common endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), is called the “bliss” endocannabinoid because it helps relieve stress.

THC interacts with cannabinoid receptors like AEA does, causing the same positive psychoactive effects in most people. CBD also interacts with the endocannabinoid system, but not at the same sites that THC works, which is why it does not affect the brain the same way THC does. 

Both THC and CBD can potentially interact with other receptors in the body. Because CBD may have many of the medical benefits of marijuana but does not have psychoactive effects, CBD is emerging as the cannabinoid most used medicinally in animals.

CBD as a Potential Treatment for Some Diseases

Because cannabinoids are mainly present in the brain, diseases involving the nervous system have been the focus of study for positive benefits. Some studies in humans have not found a clinical effect of CBD, but that does not mean that CBD does not work.

CBD appears to help other drugs control pain in humans, especially if it is chronic. Studies have shown that pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs may be better controlled if CBD is added to drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (e.g., carprofen, robenicoxib, grapiprant, etc.).

Another potential indication for CBD is epilepsy, or seizures, that have not responded sufficiently to other antiseizure medications.

The use of CBD in treating diseases involving the nervous system, such as anxiety and pruritis (itchy skin), needs further research but may be promising. Studies involving cancer are also underway. CBD for treating various cat diseases has not yet been studied. 

CBD as a Supplement  

Animals must receive CBD orally. It is commonly given to pets as a treat, in oil, or as a capsule supplement. In the last decade, many supplements containing CBD have been marketed for use to treat a wide variety of diseases in animals. While CBD may prove to help treat some of these diseases, using these supplements to treat a pet can be a problem for several reasons.

It is important to understand that supplements are not like drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Approved drugs have undergone a rigorous assessment to ensure that the drug is safe and effective for the disease being treated. The label guarantees the product contains the correct medication in listed amounts, strength, and quality. Any additional ingredients are clearly listed.

Supplements, including those containing CBD, are not held to the FDA standard. There is no guarantee that what is listed on the label is correct.

CBD products can be inconsistently labeled. Hemp oil is not the same as hemp extract, and the amount of CBD in the product can vary.

Labels can list the amount of CBD in ounces, by ml, in the total container, per dose, or per serving. This can make it difficult to ensure you give your pet the correct amount of CBD needed.

Another issue with CBD supplements is that they may contain other compounds added by the manufacturer. The compound might be a drug or, worse, a synthetic cannabinoid. Added synthetic cannabinoids are also Schedule I products and are illegal but hard to identify. This includes metabolites of THC. They are much more likely to be toxic compared to phytocannabinoids.

Yet another concern is how the CBD is “delivered” to your pet. Some manufacturers are trying to increase CBD absorption by changing what it is in. However, CBD may be absorbed differently if mixed in hemp oil, sesame seed oil, or other fats or added to a cookie or biscuit.

A final consideration is to be aware of the cost of CBD in these supplements, which can vary greatly. Higher cost does not equate to a better product.

One of the ways to avoid most of these concerns is to ask your veterinarian to prescribe a CBD that has been approved by the FDA for human use. Because it is approved, your veterinarian is legally allowed to prescribe it.

Is Cannabidiol Safe for Your Pet?

CBD appears very safe in dogs and is not likely to cause behavior changes. Studies have shown that CBD in oil, even at very high doses, does not cause any more side effects than oil alone in dogs or cats.

However, longer-term studies need to be done because there is some suggestion that the liver might be affected. This may be more likely if CBD is combined with other drugs.

Another safety consideration is whether CBD might change how other drugs work in the body. Some drugs inhibit the metabolism (or processing) of other medications, making it possible for other medications to become toxic.

In most cases, studies show that the effects of CBD are seen around two weeks after beginning treatment at the dose recommended by your veterinarian. However, the body often develops a tolerance for drugs used in treating the nervous system.

If tolerance develops, a higher dose may be necessary to control the clinical signs.

You must discuss with your veterinarian any other drug or supplement your pet may be receiving and make sure you know the potential benefits, dosing suggestions, and any cautions to look for when giving CBD to your pet.

Canine heartworms, Dirofilaria immitis, are parasitic worms that pose a serious threat to dogs. These long, slender worms live in the pulmonary arteries (and, occasionally, within the heart) of dogs and can measure up to a foot in length. They can cause substantial damage to the lungs and heart.

Prevention is Key 

Preventing heartworms is much easier (especially for your dog) than having to treat an active heartworm infection.

Studies show that exposure to heartworm depends on factors such as:

•  The presence of wild canine populations (foxes, coyotes, wolves) in the surrounding area can continue the spread of heartworm.
•  Regional differences in climate and ecosystems (elevation, humidity, rainfall, temperature)

The Prevalence of Heartworms Around the World

Heartworms exist in many parts of the world, but the prevalence greatly varies. In warmer climates with higher mosquito populations, such as tropical and subtropical areas, the risk of heartworm transmission is higher. These areas make excellent habitats for mosquitoes and the development of heartworm larvae, so dogs living in these regions are at a greater risk of heartworms. On the other hand, there are fewer heartworm infections in cooler or drier regions with smaller mosquito populations.

The travel, relocation, and presence of infected animals can allow heartworms to start infecting animals where they are less common. Climate change (and temperature increase) is also expanding mosquito ranges, creating longer active seasons and better environmental conditions for larvae.

Avoid visiting permanent and semi-permanent (seasonal) bodies of water like lakes, streams, and floodplain areas with your dog, especially when large mosquito hatches are taking place (usually in warmer, humid weather). Check around your home for areas with standing water and eliminate containers or reservoirs that may be prime real estate for mosquito larvae.

There may always be an ideal climate for mosquitoes, and other preventative methods such as lawn alteration, porch nets, and other mosquito barriers may be helpful, depending on your location. Talk to your local health department if you have concerns about mosquitoes on your property and what you can do to help control them.

Preventative Medications

Heartworm preventatives are prescribed by your veterinarian and come in oral, topical, and injectable forms. As mentioned before, preventing heartworms is much easier than treating them, and the American Heartworm Society recommends FDA-approved heartworm preventatives year-round.

In areas where mosquitoes are endemic (native or regularly present), your dog can be infected if just one preventative dose is missed. The risk varies depending on your location, and even people who live in places with cold winters should give heartworm preventatives year-round for the best possible prevention.  

Detecting Heartworm Infection

Blood tests for heartworm infections are recommended yearly for all dogs over seven months. If you do not give preventatives regularly every month or if you switch preventatives, more frequent testing may be recommended. If your dog has tested positive for heartworms, your veterinarian will discuss the treatment options available.  

This form of communication can be used between dogs, during dog and human interactions, or between dogs and other animals. Knowing what your dog is communicating can help you understand his needs better and keep him comfortable in any given situation.

Below are some common types of body language that dogs use. It is important to recognize that many of these types of body language can mean different things in different settings and should be used in context of whatever is happening in the moment. A common example of this is panting, which could mean “I am nervous,” or “Gosh, it’s hot out,” or even “I’m tired.”

Diffusive Behaviors

These are types of body languages that dogs use to avoid conflict, help diffuse a potentially intense or threatening situation, and keep interactions from getting out of hand. Some refer to these behaviors as calming signals because, in a way, they signal to others such sentiments as “everything is ok,” “things have gotten a little too tense,” or “I am not a threat.” That being said, these types of behaviors indicate more than just calming; they communicate both how the dog is feeling and her ability to react and interact with others.

Be aware that some of these behaviors can be misinterpreted as signs of guilt, such as the slow, creeping walk towards or away from you when you correct your dog for doing something wrong. This behavior does not mean your dog is acting guilty for getting into the trash. It means she is trying to diffuse the situation and lessen the intensity of your correction. She honestly may have no clue at all why you are upset with her, and she just wants you to stop yelling.

Happy/Relaxed

• Keeping the mouth open, often with the tongue lolling out, is typically a very relaxed posture for a dog.
• Bowing down on the front legs, often known as a play bow, can be an invitation to play or a diffusive tool indicating that the dog is not a threat to someone or something else.
• Tail wagging can often be content, happy, or excited body language. In certain settings, it’s important to know that tail wagging can indicate nervousness, anxiety, or an effort to diffuse a tense situation. Be mindful of what else is happening in the dog’s environment and remember that a wagging tail does not always mean a happy dog. 

Anxiety/Fear/Worry

• Cowering or making the body small, and crouching low to the ground can be a sign of fear.
• Yawning frequently, especially when not obviously tired can be a sign of stress, fear, or anxiety. It can be a way to diffuse a tense situation the dog either finds himself in the middle of or in his immediate surroundings (e.g., other dogs fighting, intense talking amongst a dog’s owners, or being spoken to harshly by an owner).
• Licking the lips or nose, even when no food or water is around, can be a sign of anxiety or fear. This is frequently used as a diffusive behavior.
• Panting but not interested in water, or hot, can be a sign of fear, anxiety, or stress.
• Combination of the ears positioned low and out to the side and the pet’s brows down or furrowed can be seen with anxiety or worry. This can often occur with other postures such as lowering the head and neck, and keeping the mouth closed. Be aware that lowering the head, neck, and ears can also be a sign of assertiveness or aggression in really tense situations, so assess what else is happening.
• Creeping around or moving slowly when walking can be a sign of fear or anxiety. It is frequently a diffusive signal. This type of walking can also be a hunting maneuver, such as if a dog has spotted potential prey. Moving away quickly and darting around is also a sign of anxiety or fear.
• Appearing on alert and trying to look around at everything quickly is a sign of anxiety or fear.
• Unwillingness to eat or take a treat during a potentially stressful situation is a common sign that a dog is anxious or afraid.
• Pacing around and unwillingness to settle down in one place can be a sign of anxiety.  It can also be a sign of excitement and happiness.
• Averting the eyes, turning the head away or to the side can be a sign of anxiety.  This can also be a diffusive tool as well, to avoid conflict or help diffuse a situation.
• Pausing, holding position, or freezing can be a hunting behavior (sometimes called pointing), a sign of anxiety or uncertainty, or a diffusive behavior.
• Tail tucked between the legs is often a sign of fear or anxiety and can occasionally be a diffusive behavior.
• Sniffing or snuffling along the ground can mean several things; it is often a way for dogs to get a feel for the environment, follow the trail of a recent inhabitant, discover signals left behind by other dogs or animals, or just enjoy the delights of nature. It can also be a sign of anxiety and a diffusive tool, such as when being approached by someone or something that may be a potential threat.
• Raising a front paw can be a diffusive behavior or indicate anxiety/stress.
• Rolling onto the back is often a sign of fear, although the occasional very confident dog may have learned to do so in order to get tummy rubs.
• Barking or whining could be due to fear, anxiety, or being excited and worked up. Growling could be assertiveness and/or aggression, or fear. High-pitched barking often means the dog is too excited and is vocalizing to try to calm herself down. Barking can also serve as a warning that the dog is too scared or too aggressive and a bite may come next.

 Assertiveness and Aggression

These types of body language behaviors may occur in a dog attempting to use diffusive behavior that has been ignored, or may occur without initial signals such as in an overly excited/worked up or aggressive dog on high alert. Dogs that are too worked up or excited are said to be highly aroused. Assertive or aggressive posturing can frequently be seen in dogs exhibiting these body languages. Often the more aroused the dog, the more intensely she will respond to perceived threats or issues in the environment.

• Direct eye contact is the most common initial body signal for displaying assertiveness or aggression, often when a dog is in a threatening situation. Assertiveness in combination with aggression is not always the case, of course, because your own dog may stare directly at you with his “sad, puppy dog eyes” when he wants something. Thus, other body signals or the situation itself should be evaluated (e.g., a new dog showing up) before determining if aggression is involved. In other words, a confident dog can be assertive and use body language to get what he wants without demonstrating aggression, which involves behavior that can result in damage to someone else.
• Pulling the lips back and displaying teeth can also be a signal of assertiveness or aggression.
• As the dog’s perceived threat continues, holding the head, ears, and neck up initially may be seen (it makes the dog appear bigger to the threat), but lowering the head and flattening the ears can be a signal that the dog feels the threat is worsening and the problem is escalating. This progression is an instinctive way to appear even larger and to protect important organs from attack.
• The tail held straight up or curved over the back can sometimes mean a high alert or a threatening situation is occurring. Slow tail movements or rapid wagging that looks more like vibrating (known as flagging) can also be a sign the dog is feeling threatened and responding in an assertive or aggressive manner.
• The dog’s weight may appear shifted toward the front of his body, which allows for quick action if needed.
• The hair along the dog’s back may be standing on end, sometimes referred to as raised hackles. This can be an unconscious way of making the dog appear larger and more threatening. Hair standing on end indicates high alert and increased arousal, so it can sometimes be seen during intense play without any aggression.

A Note about Snapping and Biting

Bites have different degrees of severity, but a bite is still a bite even if skin is not broken. A dog may snap at something without making contact; this is generally the dog’s effort at communicating a more intense warning. In this case, anxiety, fear, or aggression have been occurring and the signals have gone unnoticed. It is important to understand that generally, the dog is the one who has decided not to make contact or cause harm. Dogs are fast and can bite hard when they feel it is necessary, so take this warning snap seriously.

When an actual bite occurs, again, degrees of severity exist. Dogs can bite without drawing blood, bite superficially, or in more highly aroused states, give multiple and/or deep bites. Bites that occur without drawing blood are likely inhibited by the dog, meaning she held herself back from inflicting damage. It is important to understand that these bites and other superficial ones are still bites without major harm. They are likely to result in worse bites in the future if the dog doesn’t receive the help needed to move past the cause for the biting. Multiple and/or deep bites, those with no inhibition from the dog, means the dog bit without thought, acting on reaction alone.  Any snaps or bites require prompt assessment and assistance for the behavior issue.

One way to find out how serious a bite may be is to acknowledge that different levels of bites exist. Bite levels range from minor to so severe they lead to death. Dr. Ian Dunbar first developed this bite levels system and Dr. Sophia Yin created a modified description of the levels.

Level 1 (pre-bite)

Level 2 (near-bite or highly inhibited bite)

The dog snaps and makes tooth contact on skin but there’s no actual puncture. Often the dog runs up to or lunges for a person but just puts front teeth in contact with the skin in a sort of near-bite. In other cases, the dog actually opens his mouth and clamps but in an inhibited manner such that no skin is broken. Again the owners should ask, “What earlier signs did we miss to warn us that this could happen?” The owners should realize, the near-bite or inhibited bite could turn into a real bite down the road.

Level 3A

The dog bites once and punctures skin, but the puncture is shallower than the length of the canine tooth. Even though this bite may not be severe, it is still reportable. And painful, too. Reporting is mandatory if the victim is treated in a hospital. Once your dog has actually bitten at this level (or higher) he will always be considered a liability, even if, with behavior modification, he is 99.9% improved.

Level 3B

The dog bites multiple times leaving skin punctures shallower than half of the canine. Multiple bites generally mean the dog is in a higher arousal state. That is, the dog is reacting without thinking between bites.

Level 4

The dog bites once with punctures deeper than the length of the canine (the dog bit and clamped down) or the bite produces slashes in both directions from the puncture which indicates that the dog bit and shook his head. This type of bite is very serious. While any of the lower bite levels should act as warning signs telling the owners to seek help from a qualified and educated behavioral modification specialist, the level 4 bite indicates this has been building up and you should have gotten help long ago. Level 4 bites are much harder than level 3 bites and show no inhibition in strength. A dog biting at this level presents a liability to the owners, both in terms of money and family members because this type of bite can kill a child.

Level 5

The dog gives multiple bites with deep punctures. Dogs who bite at this level generally have had practice biting at levels 3 and 4. Some dogs are so fearful that a scary event triggers a high arousal state and they get stuck in a reactive mode, continuing to bite hard.

Level 6

The dog kills the victim or consumes their flesh. It’s important to realize that even little dogs and puppies can bite hard enough to kill infants and small children. Dogs can bite this hard due to fear, but they can also bite and cause death due to over aroused play.

What Should You Do If Your Dog Bites?

Now that you know dogs can bite at different levels and early snapping and low-level bites can, and often do, lead to more severe bites, you can start addressing the biting as soon as you see any low-level warning signs.

Introduction

Dogs are living longer these days than ever before due to advanced veterinary care and better nutrition. However, as they get older, age-related diseases such as arthritis, dental disease, diabetes, Cushing’s disease, thyroid disease, cancer, and decreases in vision and hearing can all result in subtle or more obvious behavioral changes in dogs. These changes can include decreased activity, loss of appetite, and even aggression.

What about Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS)?

Similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans, another disease to consider in older dogs is canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS). This disease affects the brain, causing behavioral changes such as disorientation, decreased social interactions, vocalization, increased restlessness at night, house soiling, anxiety, irritability, and, in some cases, agitation. We may think of cognitive decline as an “old dog” disease, but clinical signs can start to emerge as early as 5 years of age in some dogs, especially larger breeds.

Clinical Signs of CCDS

D:  Disorientation
I:   Changes in social interaction
S:  Changes in sleep-wake
H:  House soiling
A:  Changes in activity level and anxiety

Determining the Cause

When determining the cause for behavioral changes in older dogs, we must first rule out underlying medical diseases with lab tests such as a complete blood count, serum chemistry, thyroid profile, and urinalysis.  Diagnostics such as radiographs can show signs of arthritis or certain types of cancers. Specific exams to look at teeth, eyes, and even the nervous system can also help narrow down the cause. Cognitive disease is often diagnosed based on behavioral signs alone once other medical causes have been ruled out. 

Treatment

The goal for these dogs is to improve their welfare rather than to cure. Pain is often a common factor resulting in decreased activity, increased anxiety, restlessness, and in some cases even aggression. Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and other pain medications often improve the dog’s comfort level and subsequent quality of life. Behavioral supplements, pheromones, prescription diets, and anti-anxiety medications may also be helpful.

In addition to medications, enrichment using interactive food dispensing or puzzle toys can provide mental stimulation, sharpen problem-solving skills, and exercise the brain. Using a variety of new smells hidden around the house or in the yard often stimulates interest and physical activity.

Positive reinforcement training is another form of enrichment for older dogs, can be used when teaching new tricks or playing memory games. This training helps to sharpen your dog’s memory while providing positive human interactions. Many of these techniques can be just as mentally tiring as if you just took your final exam for chemistry. They can also help your dog sleep better at night and slow down the progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome in some dogs.

     
If you are observing behavior changes in your older dog, a trip to the veterinarian is encouraged. What you are seeing may not just be your dog slowing down. There may be more to the picture than meets the eye or assuming that’s the way it goes; you may be able to significantly enhance your dog’s quality of life in their senior years. 

Your dog is barking what feels like day and night, but why?

Dogs bark to alert everyone around them of something new or worrisome. Although you may not see the squirrel or another dog, there could be something that you cannot smell, see, or hear that they can. A barking dog might be undesirable to you – and your neighbors – but understand that this behavior is not excessive to your dog. It is nearly impossible to keep your dog from barking completely because this is how they communicate. Nonetheless, when barking becomes excessive, it could result in complaints from your neighbors or distress for you. 

Dogs bark for many reasons. Some bark in warning, others to greet. Some are uncertain about something new, whereas others are afraid or anxious. Dogs often bark when excited or for attention. Certain breeds, such as Beagles and Shelties, were bred to bark for hunting purposes or to alert humans of predators, like birds, in the area of their flocks.  

How do we stop barking? 

Start by identifying why your dog is barking. It is useful to journal the times of day and what is in the environment during barking episodes. Teaching alternative behaviors incompatible with barking, like checking in with their person or relaxing on a mat can be helpful to change this behavior. It is important to use positive reinforcement when teaching these behaviors, meaning a reward is given for each desired behavior. A reward does not have to be a treat. Learn what your dog likes. Some rewards include a favorite toy, attention, or verbal praise.  Force or pain, including yelling, painful collars, and physical punishment, are often not helpful. These techniques and devices can increase anxiety, causing the barking to get worse rather than better.

Another way to decrease barking is to make sure your dog has opportunities to exercise their brain and body. This doesn’t mean taking mile-long walks or runs unless they are sniff walks through the neighborhood, woods, or fields. Sniffing is a great way to burn calories and enrich the mind about the world around them. Playing nose-work games and introducing your dog to food dispensing and puzzle toys are great ways to exercise your dog’s mind and keep your dog busy throughout the day.

When your dog barks in response to some stimuli, such as someone walking by with another dog outside or the doorbell ringing, it’s helpful to teach your dog to go to a mat where they have learned to be quiet. Basically, you train your dog to go to a specific rug or place and reward them when they are calm and not barking, no matter what else is going on. Remote treat dispensers can easily help you reward your dog for being in place with a click of the remote.

Excessive outdoor barking is likely the most common source of neighbor complaints. If your dog barks too much while outside, you need to go out and bring the dog in. It is important not to leave your dog outside unsupervised. Instead, call them to you and bring them inside right away. You may need to keep your dog on a long leash to achieve this. You don’t want them practicing and perfecting their barking behaviors.

Should your dog bark for attention, make sure you are reinforcing your dog for other behaviors, such as touch or eye contact before giving them the attention they want.

If you need help, certified professionals are an option. When choosing one, you want to look for specific things. Ask for references from both friends and family. Your veterinarian might also have suggestions for professionals in the area.

First, credentials are important. Anyone can label themselves as a dog trainer, so ask for proof. Ask where they received their training and what they are certified in. 

Secondly, confirm that they only use positive reinforcement. Ask directly if they use shock, choke, or prong collars. Training methods that inflict pain on your dog are punishment, not the positive reinforcement methods recommended here and by veterinary behaviorists. 

Thirdly, make sure the program is the right duration of time. A relationship cannot be built between your dog, you, and your trainer overnight. Realize that training will take a significant amount of time and effort so that the results will last beyond the program length. Training classes and trainers don’t teach your dog so much as they teach you to train your dog, so you must do the work.

Regardless of whether you use a certified professional or work on your own, remember that it will take time because barking is a natural behavior that you can shape but not eliminate. This work is a learning opportunity for both you and your dog that will help build a stronger, more understanding relationship. Stay patient and optimistic!

Perhaps they engage in abnormal repetitive behaviors and cannot stop. It can be hard to determine if your pet is suffering because the behavior has not improved.

In human medicine, these types of disorders are referred to as psychological or mental health disorders. There has been a history of discounting psychological disorders, but medical professionals now know that these are diseases, like cancer or diabetes. Sometimes the pet has a true emotional disorder that is not man-made through mistreatment or lack of training. These concerns cannot be solved “with love”, through “putting the animal in its place”, or by taking obedience lessons.

Psychological or behavioral diseases are diseases of the brain, just as cancer is a disease of the cell. Some cancers respond to treatment, some will not. Some will appear to respond initially, then relapse. Cancer which resolves quickly in one individual may be terminal in another. Some cancers generally considered treatable are fatal for others. Some patients may not be able to tolerate the treatment that is designed to save their life. Although veterinary behavioral medicine has progressed so many behavior disorders can be managed and treated, there will be variable responses among animals. 

If you are considering euthanasia for behavioral reasons, there may be alternative options to consider first.

Have You Taken Your Pet to the Veterinarian?

Many behavioral problems have underlying medical conditions that contribute to behavior. Conditions such as ear infections, dental disease, arthritis, and even skin allergies can cause pain and irritability, increasing your pet’s anxiety levels, or resulting in a bite when stressed. Scheduling a check-up with your veterinarian should be first on your list with any noted behavioral change, especially if this change is recent or your pet is older.

Have You Sought Out Professional Help? 

A board-certified veterinary behaviorist is a licensed veterinarian with advanced training in animal behavior for all types of behaviors. Applied Animal Behaviorists also have advanced academic training although these professionals do not need to be licensed veterinarians. Medications may be helpful in treating your pet’s aggression or anxiety problems, but only a licensed veterinarian can prescribe medications for your pet.

A qualified dog trainer can help you implement a management, training, and behavior modification plan often prescribed by your veterinarian or veterinary behaviorist. Unfortunately, experience levels, education, and training methods are not standardized among dog training professionals; therefore, it is important for you to do your homework before hiring a trainer. Understanding that some training methods can do more harm than good is important.

Have You Considered Rehoming? 

This may not be the solution for all pets, but some behavior problems can be managed well in a different environment. Fighting dogs and cats may do better when separated and away from the common stressors in their life. The same for dogs with a bite history towards kids. Sometimes a home without kids is just what your pet needs to feel safe. Not all pets benefit from, nor should be, rehomed.  In general, finding a new and safe home for your pet can be difficult. Animals with behavior problems are often at greater risk for abuse and neglect in new environments because, in these situations, they may not have as close of a relationship with the new owners as they did with you.

What Are Some Criteria To Consider When Making the Decision To Euthanize Your Pet?

Cats that eliminate outside the litterbox can also be harder to place. Transparency in shelter adoptions is important from both a legal and ethical standpoint.

Emotional well-being and mental suffering may not be as visible to us as physical pain and disease but can significantly affect your pet’s quality of life and, therefore, yours. When making euthanasia decisions, it is important to consider your pet’s overall emotional state and well-being.  

Remember, behavioral euthanasia is a hard decision, so have all the information before making that phone call. There is never a wrong answer but if you make this decision, it is important to know you are not alone and will always be supported.

Working with your veterinarian to explore medical options, you may decide that euthanasia is the best choice for your pet, your family, or the public. Regardless of the psychological cause, euthanasia may be a valid treatment plan and may be the only option. Behavioral euthanasia is hard for both the family and the veterinary team. Mutual respect and open communication without preconceived opinions or biases are important for everyone involved.

Many colleagues and pet owners ask about the use of supplements in the treatment of behavioral issues. There is limited documented evidence on the use of these supplements, but to address this demand for information, here is what we know is being used and impressions from what experience and data are available.

There are many different products available if your pet shows unwanted behaviors such as anxiety, fear of strangers, aggression, or stress-related conditions. Always check with your veterinarian prior to giving your pet any supplement, even if it is available without a prescription.

Behavioral Supplements

Behavioral supplements are a combination of dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals or herbal supplements, and diet. There are many common supplements available. The common ingredients of many of these supplements are listed below.

Reducing Fear and Anxiety

• L-Theanine: This plant based amino acid is thought to help regulate behavior and mood by affecting the central nervous system. Studies have shown decreased anxiety in cats, decreased fear of strangers in dogs, and decreased noise related anxiety during thunderstorms.
  
• Magnolia officinalis: This has been shown to have an anti-anxiety affect when studied in mice. Humans have also reported improved mood while taking this supplement.
  
• Phellodendron amurense: This has been shown to have neuroprotective abilities, meaning it may help protect the brain from the effects of stress and prevent mood disorders.
  
• Alpha-lactalbumin: This cow milk derivative contains high concentrations of amino acids, including tryptophan. It is believed that chronic anxiety depletes tryptophan in the brain.
  
• Melatonin: This hormone is secreted during the evening and is known to facilitate sleep. Melatonin has been used for a variety of fear and anxiety-based behaviors, however scientific evidence indicating its effectiveness is lacking.
  
• Tryptophan: Studies show that there may be a link between the metabolism of tryptophan and fear in dogs and cats. There is not a veterinary supplement that contains tryptophan alone, but this ingredient is found in some therapeutic diets.
  
• Alpha-casozepine: This cow milk derivative has been shown to reduce anxiety without causing sedation or sleepiness. This supplement has also been shown to reduce fear of strangers and sensitivity to nail trims in dogs. Cats were also shown to have a reduction of feline lower urinary tract disease, which may be caused by stress.
  
• Souroubea spp. containing betulinic acid and Platanus spp.: Extracts of flowering plants combined and formulated for use in dogs only have been used for stress-related behaviors caused by noise phobias.
  

Supporting Cognitive Functions

• S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe): This supplement plays a critical role in creating feel-good neurotransmitters and is sometimes used to treat fears and anxieties. Dogs and cats with cognitive decline given SAMe showed improved cognitive abilities and increased activity in senior dogs.
  
• Phosphatidylserine, Pyridoxine, Vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba extract, and Resveratrol: These antioxidants are used to decrease the clinical signs of brain aging.
  
• Omega 3 Fatty Acids
  
  • DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is beneficial for the development of nervous and retinal tissue in puppies. It is thought to be essential for cognitive learning, memory, and trainability in puppies.
    
  • EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is an anti-inflammatory thought to reduce the signs of aging associated with cognitive decline, while improving learning.
    
• Apoaequorin: Obtained from jellyfish, it is believed to have a direct benefit on learning and attention in dogs with cognitive decline.